![]() ![]() T2 mapping can especially visualize structural changes such as altered collagen structures and water content, as well as deviations in proteoglycan content. A quantitative MRI offers new options for detecting early structural changes. Qualitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the current golden standard for detecting meniscal changes, but it has limitations in detecting early signs of meniscal degeneration. Meniscal degeneration favors the development and progression of stifle joint osteoarthritis. They compensate for the incongruence in the joint and distribute and minimize compressive loads, protecting the hyaline articular cartilage from damage. Due to their biomechanical function, the menisci in the canine stifle play an important role in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease that often affects the canine stifle joint. Our results showed that clinically healthy elderly dogs exhibited slight histological, probably age-related, degenerative changes in the menisci, but did not reveal significant radiological evidence of chronic inflammatory and degenerative changes, including no significant changes in T2 relaxation time. In this study, canine menisci of elderly dogs without clinical evidence of hindlimb lameness were examined histologically and using MRI. Different studies have shown the potential of special MRI sequences to identify these changes, e.g., T2 relaxation time. They undergo structural changes in osteoarthritis, including alterations in water content and collagen structures, as well as deviations in proteoglycan content. The menisci play an important role in joint health. In contrast, quantitative MRI offers a more sensitive method for diagnosing early pathological changes, as it enables the detection of microstructural processes. However, it is limited to the visualization of macroscopic tissue pathology. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the golden standard imaging technique for diagnosing pathologies of soft tissues in the stifle joint. Detecting early stages of osteoarthritis is important for an effective treatment. Combined clinical-MRI measures of disease activity and progression, together with the use of clinically relevant MRI measures (e.g., brain atrophy) might improve treatment monitoring, but these are still not ready for the clinical setting.Īdvances in MRI technology are improving the diagnostic work-up and monitoring of MS, even in the earliest phases of the disease, and are providing MRI measures that are more specific and sensitive to disease pathological substrates.Osteoarthritis is a common disease in dogs, most often affecting the stifle joint and causing damage to all joint structures. Novel MRI techniques are providing fundamental insights into the pathological substrates of the disease and are helping to give a better understanding of its clinical manifestations. Other MRI measures (e.g., cortical lesions and central vein signs) may improve diagnostic specificity, but their assessment still needs to be standardized, and their reliability confirmed. New evidence from the application of MRI in patients with clinically isolated syndromes has guided the 2017 revision of the McDonald criteria for MS diagnosis, which has simplified their clinical use while preserving accuracy. To summarize recent findings from the application of MRI in the diagnostic work-up of patients with suspected multiple sclerosis (MS), and to review the insights into disease pathophysiology and the utility of MRI for monitoring treatment response. ![]()
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